Leseprobe
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Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749-1827
Charles Coulston Gillispie
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Naturwissenschaften, Medizin, Informatik, Technik / Naturwissenschaften allgemein
Beschreibung
Pierre-Simon Laplace was among the most influential scientists in history. Often referred to as the lawgiver of French science, he is known for his technical contributions to exact science, for the philosophical point of view he developed in the presentation of his work, and for the leading part he took in forming the modern discipline of mathematical physics. His two most famous treatises were the five-volume Traité de mécanique céleste (1799-1825) and Théorie analytique des probabilités (1812). In the former he demonstrated mathematically the stability of the solar system in service to the universal Newtonian law of gravity. In the latter he developed probability from a set of miscellaneous problems concerning games, averages, mortality, and insurance risks into the branch of mathematics that permitted the quantification of estimates of error and the drawing of statistical inferences, wherever data warranted, in social, medical, and juridical matters, as well as in the physical sciences.
This book traces the development of Laplace's research program and of his participation in the Academy of Science during the last decades of the Old Regime into the early years of the French Revolution. A scientific biography by Charles Gillispie comprises the major portion of the book. Robert Fox contributes an account of Laplace's attempt to form a school of young physicists who would extend the Newtonian model from astronomy to physics, and Ivor Grattan-Guinness summarizes the history of the scientist's most important single mathematical contribution, the Laplace Transform.
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Orbit, Statistical Science, Thomas Bayes, Opticks, Analytical mechanics, The Queries, Astronomy, Celestial mechanics, Least squares, Geodetic datum, Al-Battani, Calculation, Special case, Atomic theory, Caloric theory, Mean motion, Main sequence, Pascal's Wager, Speed of light, Theory of heat, Planetary body, Laplace transform, Principia Mathematica, Ars Conjectandi, Abraham de Moivre, Normal distribution, Hermite polynomials, Error, Probability, Quantity, Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics), Classical physics, Equation, Mean longitude, Theoretical astronomy, Tobias Mayer, Metric system, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Stability of the Solar System, Spheroid, Bayesian, Book, Equation of the center, Differential equation, Gravity, An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances, Orbital eccentricity, Fourier, Nathaniel Bowditch, John Couch Adams, Chaos theory, Karl Pearson, Theorem, Theory, Coefficient, Result, Daniel Bernoulli, Probability theory, Ordinate, Bessel function, Newton's method, Ad hoc hypothesis, Big O notation, Instant, Figure of the Earth, Inverse probability, John Herschel, Kinetic theory of gases, Laplace's method, Alexis Bouvard