Leseprobe
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Meritocracy and Economic Inequality
Kenneth Arrow (Hrsg.), Steven N. Durlauf (Hrsg.), Samuel Bowles (Hrsg.)
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Sozialwissenschaften, Recht, Wirtschaft / Wirtschaft
Beschreibung
Most Americans strongly favor equality of opportunity if not outcome, but many are weary of poverty's seeming immunity to public policy. This helps to explain the recent attention paid to cultural and genetic explanations of persistent poverty, including claims that economic inequality is a function of intellectual ability, as well as more subtle depictions of the United States as a meritocracy where barriers to achievement are personal--either voluntary or inherited--rather than systemic. This volume of original essays by luminaries in the economic, social, and biological sciences, however, confirms mounting evidence that the connection between intelligence and inequality is surprisingly weak and demonstrates that targeted educational and economic reforms can reduce the income gap and improve the country's aggregate productivity and economic well-being. It also offers a novel agenda of equal access to valuable associations.
Amartya Sen, John Roemer, Robert M. Hauser, Glenn Loury, Orley Ashenfelter, and others sift and analyze the latest arguments and quantitative findings on equality in order to explain how merit is and should be defined, how economic rewards are distributed, and how patterns of economic success persist across generations. Moving well beyond exploration, they draw specific conclusions that are bold yet empirically grounded, finding that schooling improves occupational success in ways unrelated to cognitive ability, that IQ is not a strong independent predictor of economic success, and that people's associations--their neighborhoods, working groups, and other social ties--significantly explain many of the poverty traps we observe.
The optimistic message of this beautifully edited book is that important violations of equality of opportunity do exist but can be attenuated by policies that will serve the general economy. Policy makers will read with interest concrete suggestions for crafting economically beneficial anti-discrimination measures, enhancing educational and associational opportunity, and centering economic reforms in community-based institutions. Here is an example of some of our most brilliant social thinkers using the most advanced techniques that their disciplines have to offer to tackle an issue of great social importance.
Kundenbewertungen
Consumption tax, Welfare economics, Scarcity (social psychology), Debt overhang, Labour economics, Dummy variable (statistics), Racism, Employment, Equal opportunity, Racial inequality in the United States, The Bell Curve, Socioeconomics, Poverty trap, Of Education, Economics, Marginal product, Tax, Normative economics, Meritocracy, Unemployment benefits, Demand For Labor, Capitalism, Subsidy, Economic rent, Economic mobility, Market failure, Human capital, Redistribution of income and wealth, Capital accumulation, Endogeneity (econometrics), Income, Marginal product of labor, Oppression, Affirmative action, Employment discrimination, Homo economicus, Unemployment, Disparate impact, Middle-class values, Racial segregation, Loss factor, Incomplete markets, Social division of labor, Socioeconomic status, Externality, Supply (economics), Samuel Bowles (economist), Trade-off, Economic efficiency, Marxian economics, Discrimination, Estimation, Heritability, Income inequality in the United States, Social inequality, Economic interventionism, Statistical discrimination (economics), Rationing, Economic inequality, Educational inequality, Profit maximization, Pareto efficiency, National Bureau of Economic Research, Social capital, Economic stratification, Marginal return, Statistical significance, Educational attainment, Occupational inequality, Panel Study of Income Dynamics