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Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference
Justin Smith-Ruiu
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Sachbuch / Philosophie: Antike bis Gegenwart
Beschreibung
People have always been xenophobic, but an explicit philosophical and scientific view of human racial difference only began to emerge during the modern period. Why and how did this happen? Surveying a range of philosophical and natural-scientific texts, dating from the Spanish Renaissance to the German Enlightenment, Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference charts the evolution of the modern concept of race and shows that natural philosophy, particularly efforts to taxonomize and to order nature, played a crucial role.
Smith demonstrates how the denial of moral equality between Europeans and non-Europeans resulted from converging philosophical and scientific developments, including a declining belief in human nature's universality and the rise of biological classification. The racial typing of human beings grew from the need to understand humanity within an all-encompassing system of nature, alongside plants, minerals, primates, and other animals. While racial difference as seen through science did not arise in order to justify the enslavement of people, it became a rationalization and buttress for the practices of trans-Atlantic slavery. From the work of François Bernier to G. W. Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, and others, Smith delves into philosophy's part in the legacy and damages of modern racism.
With a broad narrative stretching over two centuries, Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference takes a critical historical look at how the racial categories that we divide ourselves into came into being.
Kundenbewertungen
Prejudice, Hypothesis, Thought, Racism, Result, Materialism, Nominalism, Anatomy, Individual, Biology, Science studies, John Bulwer, Atheism, Rationalism, Aristotle, Ethnic group, Age of Discovery, Pre-Adamite, Richard Popkin, Biological anthropology, Scythians, The Philosopher, Explanation, Physiognomy, Anachronism, Herder, Georg Ernst Stahl, Empiricism, Emergence, Early modern philosophy, Ethnography, Lucilio Vanini, Inference, Reason, University of Helsinki, Indigenous peoples, Treatise, Human, Form of life (philosophy), Immanuel Kant, Slavery, Religion, Human skin color, Writing, Humboldt University of Berlin, Science, Illustration, Natural philosophy, Philosophy, Paracelsus, Great chain of being, Ontology, Theory, Natural kind, Physician, Black people, Modern philosophy, Rationality, Phenomenon, Dualism (philosophy of mind), Philosophical anthropology, Physiology, Early modern period, The Various, Age of Enlightenment, Historical race concepts, Scientific racism, Ideal type, Philosopher, Race (human categorization)